![]() ![]() thought.Ĭertain parts of speech exist only to express reference, namely anaphora such as pronouns. The very concept of the linguistic sign is the combination of content and expression, the former of which may refer entities in the world or refer more abstract concepts, e.g. Some cases seem to be too complicated to be classified within this framework the acceptance of the notion of secondary reference may be necessary to fill the gap. This problem led Frege to distinguish between the sense and reference of a word. Gottlob Frege argued that reference cannot be treated as identical with meaning: " Hesperus" (an ancient Greek name for the evening star) and " Phosphorus" (an ancient Greek name for the morning star) both refer to Venus, but the astronomical fact that '"Hesperus" is "Phosphorus"' can still be informative, even if the "meanings" of "Hesperus" and "Phosphorus" are already known. In syntactic analysis, if a word refers to a previous word, the previous word is called the " antecedent". The converse relation, the relation from object to word, is called " exemplification" the object exemplifies what the word denotes. Sometimes the word-object relation is called " denotation" the word denotes the object. The object referred to is called the referent of the word. The word "it" refers to some previously specified object. Hence, the word "John" refers to the person John. In semantics, reference is generally construed as the relationships between nouns or pronouns and objects that are named by them. The triangle of reference, from the influential book The Meaning of Meaning (1923) by C. Some of them are described in the sections below. References feature in many spheres of human activity and knowledge, and the term adopts shades of meaning particular to the contexts in which it is used. In some cases, methods are used that intentionally hide the reference from some observers, as in cryptography. References can take on many forms, including: a thought, a sensory perception that is audible ( onomatopoeia), visual (text), olfactory, or tactile, emotional state, relationship with other, spacetime coordinate, symbolic or alpha-numeric, a physical object or an energy projection. Its referent may be anything – a material object, a person, an event, an activity, or an abstract concept. A name is usually a phrase or expression, or some other symbolic representation. The second object, the one to which the first object refers, is called the referent of the first object. It is called a name for the second object. The first object in this relation is said to refer to the second object. Reference is a relationship between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object. Elite Works marked its name in red between 19 and used green between 19.For other uses, see Reference (disambiguation). Examples of such names include Elite France, M. Presence of a family name shows that the Limoges piece was made by factories run by families or small artisans. Limoges and Theodore Haviland, Limoges, France. Post 1898, Limoges chinaware have one of the following factory marks: GDA H & CO/L H & CO/Depose Porcelaine, Haviland & Co. CHF/GDM, CHF and CH Field Haviland Limoges marks show that the piece was made by an Allund factory owned by Haviland between 18. ![]() The factory mark AE indicates that the piece was made by Allund factory between 17. Use a magnifying glass to identify the tiny prints and pictographs, such as a star around the word Limoges printed in a circle shape and the word France as the underscore and a crown with a royal cipher. If France is mentioned as the country of origin, this indicates that the Limoges piece was made and exported after 1891. The latter were stamped by the retailers, importers and the decorators who put their names on the items’ bottoms. Such marks tend to be clearer than the marks placed on the glaze. ![]() Marks beneath the glaze of the item are found on the whiteware and were placed before glazing or painting the item. ![]()
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